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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 2:35 am
Time: 2:35 am
Results for peer relations
3 results foundAuthor: Edwards, Phil Title: Mediation, Mentoring and Peer Support to Reduce Youth Violence: A Systematic Review Summary: Background - After road traffic collisions and suicide, violence is the greatest threat to life of young people. In England and Wales, 43 young people aged 15 - 24 years died from assault in 2012. These premature deaths are a fraction of the thousands of young people who attend hospital each year with violence - related injuries and who survive to live with scars and psychological trauma. Public health approaches that address attitudinal causes of youth violence, and that intervene early on with at - risk youth, may be effective at reducing youth violence. Objectives - To systematically review violence prevention programmes for young people involved in, or at risk of violence that include a mentoring, mediation or peer - support component. Search methods - To identify eligible studies for inclusion in the review searches were made of: 15 electronic bibliographic databases for published work; grey literature for unpublished work; trials registers for ongoing and recently completed trials; reference lists of the included studies. Selection criteria - Broad inclusion criteria were used to identify eligible studies including any interventions that included contact and interaction with a positive role model. The role model might be a peer (of similar age and/or background), a mentor (someone with more experience, skills and abilities), or a peer mediator who intervenes between youth to prevent retaliation. Study designs included randomised controlled trials (RCT), cluster randomised trials (CRT), controlled before - after (CBA) studies, cohort studies and case - con trol (CC) studies. Participants included perpetrators of violence and those at risk of violence who were aged less than 25 years. Outcomes were carrying a weapon, violence, offending, and health service use due to injury. Crime and self - reported outcomes were included. Data collection and analysis - All studies identified through the search process were imported into EPPI - Reviewer 4 software where screening, full text coding and data extraction took place. Two review authors independently conducted an initi al screening to identify all potentially relevant reports of studies. Full - text reports were obtained and assessed by each review author in EPPI - Reviewer 4 for final inclusion in the review. Disagreements were resolved by discussion with a third review aut hor. Data extracted from included studies were summarised using the 'EMMIE' framework , developed by researchers at the UCL Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science: Effect size (how effective is the intervention?), Mechanism (how does the interve ntion work?), Moderators (in which contexts does the intervention work?), Implementation (what is needed to implement the intervention?), and Economics (how much might the intervention cost?). Results - Sixteen studies were identified for inclusion with ni ne evaluating mentoring interventions (2 RCTs, 3 CBA, 3 Cohort/CC, 1 economic evaluation); two evaluating mediation interventions (2 CRT); and five evaluating peer - led interventions (1 CRT, 3 CBA, 1 Cohort). Most studies were conducted in the USA, with one in the UK. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of participants, interventions and outcomes so a meta - analysis was not considered to be appropriate. Mentoring - one RCT found a reduction in numbers of fights and fight injuries after 6 months in assault injured youth (not statistically significant). An analysis of a national cohort found mentored youth were less likely t o report hurting anyone in a fight. Another RCT found no effect on reconviction rates after 2 - year period in persistent offenders. One CBA study found more re - arrests in mentored youth (statistically significant). Another CBA study found fewer criminal con tacts 6 months following release in youth offenders (statistically significant). Mediation - One RCT of mediation in a school - based violence prevention programme found violent behaviours were halved (not statistically significant). One CRT of peer - mediation in schools found no evidence for a reduction in aggressive behaviours (fighting and injuries due to fighting). Peer - support - In schools a CRT found a reduction (not statistically significant) in physically violent acts 2 years following a multi - component programme with a peer - led component. A CBA study found a reduction in aggressive behaviour when a violence prevention curriculum was administered by a teacher with a peer - leader. In a detention facility a CBA study found increased reoffending among high - ri sk youth receiving a multi - component intervention with peer - support (53% intervention vs. 29% of controls; p=0.08); there was no violence outcome. Details: London: College of Policing, 2015. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: What Works: Crime Reduction Systematic Review Series, No. 2: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/About/Systematic_Review_Series/Documents/SR2%20Youth_Violence_15Nov15.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/About/Systematic_Review_Series/Documents/SR2%20Youth_Violence_15Nov15.pdf Shelf Number: 139928 Keywords: Mediation ProgramsPeer RelationsYouth MentoringYouth ViolenceYouth Violence Prevention |
Author: Fair, Helen Title: Peer relations: Review of learning from the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust Prison Reform Fellowships - Part IV Summary: This Briefing is concerned with the broad theme of 'connections'. Its particular focus is on interventions visited by the Churchill Fellows which aim to harness the power of peer relations towards positive goals. - This report looks at the importance of positive peer relations at all stages of the criminal justice programme, specifically: - Peer relations as a tool to support desistance and diversion - Promoting positive peer relations in prison - Peer support on release from prison - Research has long documented the enormous influence of peer pressure - whether positive or negative - on offending behaviour. Positive peer pressure is utilised in work with young fathers and programmes which help to develop youth leadership, while work to reduce gang violence aims to counteract the negative effects of peer pressure. - In England and Wales, the growing use and benefits of peer support across the prison estate have been recognised by inspectors. Mentoring roles encompass the provision of emotional support, advising, and facilitating self-help or learning. - Examples of peer support programmes visited by Fellows include a programme run by ex-prisoners in the US which encourages the peer-led and grassroots education of prisoners; the use of drama to promote positive behaviour in prison in South Africa; and a programme in the US which uses life sentence prisoners as 'social mentors' to help new prisoners to adapt to prison life. - The importance of peer support for those leaving prison and re-entering the community is widely recognised, and is increasingly viewed by the UK government as a key means of ensuring continuity of support for those released from prison. - Examples of such 'through the gate' support was seen in Finland, where former prisoners work with those being released from prison to help them access the services they need to resettle back into the community, and in the US through the Delancey Street Foundation, which is entirely staffed by people who have been through the prison system, and teaches marketable skills to recently released prisoners. Details: London: Prison Reform Trust, 2017. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2017 at: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/WCMT/peer_relations_FINAL.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/WCMT/peer_relations_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 146485 Keywords: Correctional ProgramsInmatesPeer RelationsPeer SupportPrisoner ReentryPrisoner RehabilitationPrisonersVolunteers in Criminal Justice |
Author: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Title: "Is this sexual abuse?" NSPCC helplines report: peer sexual abuse Summary: It's normal for children to demonstrate a range of sexual behaviours as they grow up. But sometimes they may behave in a sexualised way that is inappropriate to their age and stage of development. We call this harmful sexual behaviour, because it's harmful to the children who display it, as well as the people it's directed towards. There are many reasons why children display harmful sexual behaviour, but research shows that exposure to trauma can be a key factor in its development (Hackett, 2016). Harmful sexual behaviour can be displayed towards peers, younger children, older children or adults. It ranges from behaviour that is socially inappropriate to behaviour that is unexpected or impulsive, and behaviour with an element of victimisation or violence. This may include unwanted or inappropriate touching; forcing or coercing someone else to watch or take part in sexualised activity; and sexual violence. Around a third of child sexual abuse is committed by other children and young people (Hackett, 2014). We hear from parents and professionals who are concerned about children displaying sexualised behaviour. In 2016/17, there were 663 contacts to our helpline about this. Many of the adults who got in touch weren't confident about deciding whether sexualised behaviour is 'normal' or harmful, and they weren't sure of the best way to respond. Puberty can be a confusing time and peer relationships naturally change as children grow up. This can mean children also find it difficult to identify which sexual behaviours are appropriate and inappropriate. Those who display harmful sexual behaviour may not recognise that they are doing so. Those who experience harmful sexual behaviour may realise it makes them feel unhappy or unsafe, but they aren't always clear about how to respond. In 2016/17, our Childline service delivered 3,004 counselling sessions to children and young people who were concerned about having been sexually abused by their peers. This might be a friend; boyfriend or girlfriend; ex-partner; or another young person who was under the age of 18, and who isn't related to them. Throughout this report we're calling this type of abuse 'peer sexual abuse'. Peer sexual abuse can take place in a range of locations including at school, at home, at social events and online. According to a BBC Freedom of Information request, the number of police-recorded sexual offences by under-18-year-olds against other under-18-year-olds in England and Wales rose by 71 per cent between 2013/14 (4,603) and 2016/17 (7,866) (BBC, 2017). However, it's likely that peer sexual abuse is underreported. Research carried out by Radford in 2009 found that 1 in 3 children sexually abused by an adult didn't tell anyone at the time, and this figure is even higher for children who have experienced peer sexual abuse (Radford et al, 2011). Some young people tell our Childline counsellors they don't want to speak out, for reasons like: - being worried about getting a friend or partner into trouble - being blackmailed or threatened into keeping things secret - being afraid of being bullied - not being sure they will be believed. They may not fully understand whether they gave consent for sexual activity to take place, feel guilty or think they are somehow to blame - especially if alcohol was involved, or if they were involved in sexting (sharing explicit texts, images or videos). We want to help adults support children who are affected by peer sexual abuse more effectively. It's vital that children and young people who have experienced any form of abuse know it wasn't their fault, and are able to get the right help at the right time. So in this report we're sharing what young people have told Childline about their experiences of peer sexual abuse. We've looked at how peer sexual abuse takes place; the impact this has on young people's lives; and the challenges they face accessing support. We're also highlighting what they say helps them get back on track after experiencing peer sexual abuse, what they're telling us about the support they need, and how we can best prevent peer sexual abuse from happening. Details: London: NSPCC, 2018. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 3, 2018 at: https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/research-reports/nspcc-helplines-report-peer-sexual-abuse.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/research-reports/nspcc-helplines-report-peer-sexual-abuse.pdf Shelf Number: 150451 Keywords: Child ProtectionChild Sexual AbuseJuvenile Sex OffendersPeer RelationsPeer Sexual AbuseSextingSexual AbuseSocial Media |